Tuesday, March 25, 2014

Natural Science: Models of teaching

Natural Science: Models of teaching: Models of Teaching                           Teaching models are  instructional designs. Bruce Joyces & Marsha  Weil(1978), “A model...

Models of teaching

Models of Teaching                   

    Teaching models are  instructional designs. Bruce Joyces & Marsha  Weil(1978), “A model of teaching consists of guidelines for designing educational activities and environments. It specifies ways of teaching and learning that are intended to achieve certain kinds of goals.”

Families of teaching models
 
a. Information Processing family
b. Behaviour modification family
c.  Personal family              
d. Social interaction family

Information processing model 

              The purpose are:
    a. Mastery of the methods of enquiry
    b. Developing the skill for processing information 
    c. Fostering the ability to think logically

 Examples  
1. Concept Attainment model
2. Inductive Thinking model  
3. Inquiry Training model  
4. Memory model

      Behaviour modification family  

The specific goals are:   
 a.  To master techniques for stress reduction                                                               
 b.  To develop the competency to  adopt behaviour styles appropriate to

The specific goals are:   
 a.  To master techniques for stress reduction                                                               
 b.  To develop the competency to  adopt behaviour styles appropriate to

      given situations

 c.  To foster leadership qualities

  Examples 
 a. Anxiety Reduction model
 b. Assertive Training model
 c. Relaxation model 

 Personal family  
 
The primary goals are: 
 a. To help students understand  
 b. To increase the students sense of self worth                                                               
 c.  To help students refine their emotion            
 d.  To foster the students’ creativity

             Examples                                                                                          

a. Awareness Training model

b. Synetics model

c. Classroom meeting model

d. Non-directive teaching model

   Social Interaction family
The primary  goals are:
a) To train students work together
b) To inculcate personal and social values
c) To develop skills for maintaining human Relations

Examples

A) Group Investigation model

B) Role play model

C) Jurisprudential model

D) Social Inquiry model

Elements of a model

a. Focus

Name & objectives of teaching constitute the focus. It refers to the goals or

objectives of teaching.

b. Syntax

It deals with steps of the model. It refers the presentation aspect of teaching. c. Social system

It deals with role of the teacher and role of the students. d. Support system

Support system relates to the additional requirements other than facilities usually available in the classroom.

e. Principles of reactions

Teacher reacts to the response of the students

f. Instructional and Nurturant effect


Instructional effect
Pupils acquires knowledge through the models. By the use of the models, teaching and learning relationship may be established empirically.
Nurturant effect
Pupil develops social efficience, personal abilities, cognitive abilities and behavioural aspects through the model.

 Concept Attainment model
           by     Jerome S.Bruner & Jacqualine Goodnow  & George Austin   Five elements  present in a concept       a. Name
 
  

Name is a word that describes a concept for communication                                                                                                              b. Exemplars( Positive & Negative) 

Exemplars are instances or items that could be used in the process of categorization. They are two types, positive exemplars & negative exemplars. The items that are positive examples that obey all the essential cues used for categorization leading to the concept as well as negative items that do not satisfy all cues of a positive example, but are needed for making the grouping meaningful.

c. Attributes (essential& non-essential)

Attributes are features or characteristics on the basis of which a number of items could be categorized into a particular group or class that represents the concept.

d. Attribute values

Each contribute has its value range

 e. Rule

Rule is the definition formed to describe a concept on the basis of the essential attributes.

Description of the model                                                                                  1. Syntax                                                                                                               
Phase I                                                                                                             
Presentation of data & identification of concept

Teacher presents labelled exemplars. Students compare attributes and generate hypotheses , attempts a definition.                                               
Phase II                                                                                                                 Testing attainment of concepts  

Teacher confirms hypothesis, gives the name and helps arrive at the restatement of the definition. Students generate more examples.                                                                  
Phase III                                                                                                           Analysis of thinking strategy

Discussion of the process, how they made the hypothesis etc.

2. Social system                                                                                                   

 Teacher prepares  in advance exemplars and labels them                                                                                       

3. Principle of reaction                                 

Teacher support the pupil’s hypotheses & create dialogue                        

4. Support system                                              

Materials in the form of positive & negative exemplars                                                                                     

5. Instructional effect & Nurturant effect

Instructional effect                            
a. Getting clear notions about nature of concepts                    

b. Developing skills in using in appropriate concept   building strategies                                                                    

c. Attaining the specific concepts                                            

d. Develop skill in inductive reasoning
Nurturant effect 
a. Sensitivity  to logical reasoning
b. Tolerance of ambiguity and initial errors
c. A sense of using alternative perspectives 

 Advance Organiser Model            
                               by    David Ausubel  
     The main aim of this model is to provide children with competencies  required for meaningful verbal learning.
The key concepts of this model are:                                             a. Cognitive structure
  

Cognitive structure refers to a student’s knowledge of that matter with special reference to how much  he knows, how well he knows and how effectively the knowledge is structured. On the basis of his cognitive structure, student learn new materials meaningfully.                                                                b. Meaningful learning set

This is a condition in which connection could easily be established between the new material to be learnt and the related materials that already exist in the cognitive structure. Such a mental set makes the learner ready to receive the new knowledge.

c. Structure of concepts

Each discipline has a structure of concepts arranged hierarchically. Certain broad abstract concepts are at the top and these will include more concrete concepts at the lower stages of organization.                                                             c. Advance Orgniser  

The materials presented in advance as introduction to the new materials to be presented. This will be broader and more abstract in nature than the new task, but will act as the container for the new ones. The advance organizer will include items of the cognitive structure of the learner with which the new material can be linked when they are later presented.                                                                      d. Subsumer
 

An organizer is helpful to subsume (contain it) the specific concepts involved in a broader concept.                                                                                                                 e. Progressive differentiation
 

Ausubel thinks that the hierarchial order in the processing of information is from the broader and more general to the specific ones. It is the processing of maintaining this gradation by which specific items are gradually presented one by one in the hierarchial order is known as progressive differentiation.                                                     f. Integrative reconciliation
  

It is the process of adjusting or adapting with new situation by integrating the new items with already familiar one with cognitive structure.
Types of Advance organiser 
a. Expository type 

The existing cognitive structure is expose to process the new information. Expository organizers are those in which a general class (group) relationship is exposed with a view to include more specific classes.                                                                                                                                  b. Comparative type

Comparative organizers are those that contain concepts similar to the ones to be presented so that familiar relations are established and learning made meaningful.  

Description of the Advance Organiser Model
 1. Syntax  
Phase I. Presentation of Advance Organiser    

The aims of the lessons are made clear and then the organizer is presented. The concept that to act as a subsumer have to be clarified and illustrated. The teacher should ensure the required cognitive structure by discussion, questioning and feedback.                                           Phase II Preparation of the learning task or material

Present the minor concepts in the order using the principle of progressive differentiation. Different types of tools and techniques can be adopted for this. Use of aids, charts, pictures, films, examples, actions etc could be helpful for making meaningful learning. Phase III Strengthening cognitive organization

The principle integrative reconciliation is adopting in this phase. The teacher ensures meaningful reception and then reinforces this by a critical approach and further clarification of the doubts raised by students.

II Social system
In the first two stages highly structured but in the third phase more free interaction occurs. III Support system Instructional materials can be prepared in advance                                                                       

IV Principle of    reaction                                                                                                                                           Giving clarifications, differentiating or by helping them to reconcilate with existing knowledge 
 
Instructional & Nurturant effect

Instructional effect
Formation of conceptual structural structures and  meaningful assimilation of information & ideas Nurturant effect Interest in inquiry and habits of precise thinking

Inquiry Training Model
             
by Richard Suchmann
 
Main objectives of Inquiry Training Model
a. To develop scientific process skills
b. To develop among students the strategies for creative inquiry
c. To develop among students an independence or  autonomy in learning
d. To make the students understand the tentative nature of knowledge

      Description of the model 
1. Syntax  
 Phase I                                                                                                                     

             Encounter with the problem    

The teacher presents the preplanned discrepant event and explains the inquiry procedure.

 Phase II                                                                                                                   
             Data gathering verification 



The students inquire about the nature and identity of the objects, events, properties and conditions related to the problem. Phase III Data gathering experimentation Asks the students to organize the data which they have gathered and to give the most appropriate explanation which fits the data.Phase IV Formulating rules or explanationTeacher asks the pupils to formulate rules based on the third phase.PhaseV Analysis of the inquiry processAsks the students to analyse their pattern of inquiry.

2.  Social system

Teacher selects or designs the puzzling situation& presents it to the students.

3. Principle of reaction

Ensuring that the phrasing of the questions eliciting yes/no answers is done correctly. If the teacher is asked questions that cannot be answered by a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ she must ask students to rephrase the questions.

4. Support system 

Books, films, posters& apparatus required for experimentation 

5. Instructional effect &Nurturant ef                                                                                                                                              

    Instructional effect                                                                   

a.      Scientific process skills                                                     

b.     Strategies for creative inquiry                                          
Nurturant effect                                                                        

a. Spirit of creativity                                                                    
b. Autonomy in learning                                                            

c. Tolerance of ambiguity                                                         
d. Tentative nature of knowledge  

Inductive Thinking Model                                               
             
by  Hilda Taba
  
The main focus of the model is developing mental abilities  and emphasizing concept formation involving cognitive  tasks. This model has the key of maxims of teaching ie, simple to complex, concrete to abstract, specific to general. It is based on concept formation.
Description of the model
1. Focus

 2. Syntax
 
Three phases

  Phase I
Concept formation

- Listing
-Grouping
-Labelling

 Phase II
Interpretaton of data

 - Comparing 
 - Explaining  
 - Generalizing

 Phase III
                               

  Application of generalizations 
 
- Predicting                                                                                             

 - Supporting  the prediction
 - Verifying the prediction

3. Principle of reaction
Teacher is closely monitoring how students are processing information                                                                                               

4. Social system
Co-operative environment is maintained  which provide a positive and encouraging atmosphere for students to participate actively in the learning process.                                                                                                                   5. Support system 
It includes devices provided in the learning environment which helps in processing information meaningfully                                                                                                                     6. Instructional & Nurturant  effect                                                                         

   Instructional effect                                                                                              It helps to develop process skills      

  Nurturant effect                                                    

 It helps the students to improve their ability                                                                                                                                                                                                            

Constructivism 
    
Students construct their own knowledge by actively participating  in the process of  learning.  The learner construct their own knowledge on the basis of interaction with their environment.   Types of constructivism
                                                                                          
  a. Cognitive constructivism

Jean Piaget is the proponent of cognitive constructivism. It emphasis the cognitive structure of an individual and its developmental process.

b.      Social constructivism

 The transformation of knowledge by an individual is done in the context of social environment. It involves social activities, student participation in the learning process to develop mastery in the content.                           

C. Cultural constructivism
   

According to Vygotsky, culture is the main determinant of individual development.                        

d. Radical constructivism 

All human knowledge do not lie outside the knower. Everything which can be known is found by the observer.

e. Cybernetic constructivism                        
   

This constructivism is based on the concept of self-formation. A self- formation system is defined as a system which is organized as a network of processes of production (transformation and destruction) of components. 

  Key concept of constructivism

1.     Development of cognitive structure

Development of cognitive learning is the main aspect of constructivism. Here language and culture are interlinked.

2. Level of learning

 
a. Zone of actual development  

Actual knowledge of the student                                                                             

b. Zone of proximal development

It lies between level of actual development to potential development. According to Vygotsky the learner is only able to reach a specific level of understanding by himself or herself. This level of success can be increased to an optimal level (ZPD) by communication with others or the use of a learning tool.

                                                                          

c.     Zone of Potential development

Attain maximum knowledge or to what extent.                  

3. Motivation

Instrinsic motivation generate the new knowledge                                     

4. Instruction
  

Group interaction present and through this instruction take place.                                    

5. Scaffolding
 

Within the zone of proximal development, the structure that enables an individual to move forward in time with one’s potential is known as scaffolding. It is metaphor used for the support provided by adult or expert to the learner while learning. Teacher act as a scaffolder. 

Six elements of constructivist learning design                 
1. Situation
   

The teacher has to develop the situation for students about the process of their learning.                                   

2. Grouping   

The teacher has to select a process  for grouping of students and learning materials. 

3. Bridging                                  
  

The teacher has to develop a bridge between what the students already know and what the teacher wants them to learn.                                    

4. Questioning

The teacher should anticipate questions to be asked to the students. Teacher should predict the questions which way be asked by students in the class and should be prepared accordingly.                                     

5. Exhibiting

The teacher should encourage students to exhibit a record of their thinking by sharing it with others. Students exhibit their thinking in the form of cards, experiments, graphs, diagrams etc.                                   

6. Reflecting

The teacher has to solicit reflection of students on their learning. Reactions and reflections of different groups towards the presentation of other groups. Reaction is in the form of suggestion, positive and negative criticism additional examples.

           Steps for constructivist approach
                  by Driver et al   (1989)
                                                                                                                           

1.     Orientation

Teacher introduces the topic.

2.     Elicitation of ideas

Opportunities are provided for pupils to explore and explain their ideas

3.     Restructuring of ideas

Restructuring of ideas are classified into 

a) Clarification of exchange 

 Pupils are given a chance to recognize scientific ideas and examine their own ideas.                                

b) Exposure to conflict situation

Pupils are provided with situations in which to test their ideas and examine their own ideas.                         

c) Construction of new ideas  

Opportunities are provided for pupils to reconstruct their ideas.                                               

d) Evaluation

Pupils are provided with opportunities to test  out the validity of their newly constructed ideas. 
 4. Application of ideas 

Pupils are provided with opportunities to apply their ideas in new situations to reinforce these ideas.  

5. Review change in ideas

Pupils are provided opportunities to reflect upon how and why their ideas have changed.

 Role of constructivist teacher
a. The teacher should encourage & accept student autonomy and initiative                                                                                                        
b. He should give individual attention to all students in the class                
c. He should act as a guide and facilitator in instruction                                  
d. He should promote student leadership, collaboration, location of

    information and taking actions as a result of the learning process                                                                                                    
e. He should use a wide variety of materials including raw data, primary

    sources and interactive materials and encourage students to use them.




Sunday, March 2, 2014

Kerala University College of Teacher Education, Nedumangad, Thiruvanaanthapuram, Kerala
                                 College calender 2013-14





NOVEMBER
1 Friday
2 Saturday
3 Sunday
4 Monday
5 Tuesday
6 Wednesday
7 Thursday
8 Friday COLLEGE OPENS
9 Saturday
10 Sunday
11 Monday National Education Day
12 Tuesday Orientation of the course
13 Wednesday
14 Thursday
15 Friday
16 Saturday
17 Sunday
18 Monday
19 Tuesday Orientation
20 Wednesday
21 Thursday
22 Friday
23 Saturday
24 Sunday
25 Monday Orientation
26 Tuesday Orientation
27 Wednesday Orientation & Self introduction of students
28 Thursday Talent Day
29 Friday Talent Day
30 Saturday




























































DECEMBER
1 Sunday World Aids Day
2 Monday
3 Tuesday College Union Election
4 Wednesday
5 Thursday
6 Friday
7 Saturday Flag Day
8 Sunday
9 Monday
10 Tuesday U N Human Rights Day
11 Wednesday
12 Thursday
13 Friday
14 Saturday
15 Sunday
16 Monday Class Seminar Starts
17 Tuesday
18 Wednesday Lecture (ICT) Dr.Benedict
19 Thursday
20 Friday X Mas Celebration
21 Saturday X mas Holidays
22 Sunday
23 Monday
24 Tuesday
25 Wednesday
26 Thursday
27 Friday
28 Saturday
29 Sunday
30 Monday Practicum should be given
31 Tuesday Malayalam Seminar(Ezhuthachan's Birthday)

























































JANUARY
1 Wednesday
2 Thursday Lecture- Micro teaching Dr. Rosamma Philip
3 Friday
4 Saturday
5 Sunday
6 Monday Discussion lesson starts
7 Tuesday
8 Wednesday
9 Thursday lecture-(IT@ Schoo)l Mr. Manoj
10 Friday
11 Saturday
12 Sunday National Youth Day
13 Monday Demonstration classes
14 Tuesday Nabi Day
15 Wednesday College Union Inaguration
16 Thursday
17 Friday Video Lesson Observation + Report Writing
18 Saturday Working Day
19 Sunday
20 Monday Micro Teaching Lesson (Test Paper & Regular Classes )
21 Tuesday Test Paper & Regular Classes
22 Wednesday
23 Thursday
24 Friday
25 Saturday
26 Sunday Republic Day
27 Monday Student initiation work
28 Tuesday Student initiation work
29 Wednesday Student initiation work
30 Thursday Martyrs' Day
31 Friday Reflection

























































FEBRUARY
1 Saturday
2 Sunday
3 Monday Computer/ IT enable lesson preparation
4 Tuesday
5 Wednesday Criticism Lesson
6 Thursday
7 Friday
8 Saturday
9 Sunday
10 Monday
11 Tuesday Lecture- Dr. Maya
12 Wednesday
13 Thursday
14 Friday Mid Semester Exam
15 Saturday
16 Sunday
17 Monday
18 Tuesday
19 Wednesday
20 Thursday
21 Friday
22 Saturday Working day
23 Sunday
24 Monday Literary Competition starts
25 Tuesday
26 Wednesday
27 Thursday Sivarathri
28 Friday National Science Day



































































MARCH
1 Saturday
2 Sunday
3 Monday
4 Tuesday
5 Wednesday Script for Video Lesson
6 Thursday
7 Friday
8 Saturday International Womens' day
9 Sunday
10 Monday
11 Tuesday
12 Wednesday Lecture- Dr. Devadas Menon
13 Thursday
14 Friday
15 Saturday Working day
16 Sunday
17 Monday
18 Tuesday
19 Wednesday
20 Thursday
21 Friday World Forest Day
22 Saturday World day for water
23 Sunday
24 Monday
25 Tuesday
26 Wednesday Model Exam
27 Thursday Model Exam
28 Friday Model Exam
29 Saturday Working day (Exam)
30 Sunday
31 Monday Model Exam


























































APRIL
1 Tuesday
2 Wednesday
3 Thursday
4 Friday
5 Saturday
6 Sunday
7 Monday World health day
8 Tuesday
9 Wednesday
10 Thursday
11 Friday
12 Saturday
13 Sunday
14 Monday Ambedkar Jayanthi
15 Tuesday Vishu
16 Wednesday
17 Thursday Mondy Thursday
18 Friday Good Friday
19 Saturday
20 Sunday
21 Monday
22 Tuesday
23 Wednesday
24 Thursday
25 Friday
26 Saturday
27 Sunday
28 Monday Tour
29 Tuesday
30 Wednesday





























































MAY
1 Wednesday Tour
2 Friday
3 Saturday
4 Sunday
5 Monday
6 Tuesday
7 Wednesday
8 Thursday
9 Friday
10 Saturday
11 Sunday
12 Monday Community Camp
13 Tuesday Community Camp
14 Wednesday Community Camp
15 Thursday World Family Day( Community Camp)
16 Friday
17 Saturday
18 Sunday
19 Monday
20 Tuesday
21 Wednesday College Re-opens(Semester II)
22 Thursday
23 Friday
24 Saturday
25 Sunday
26 Monday Practicum should be given
27 Tuesday
28 Wednesday
29 Thursday
30 Friday
31 Saturday World Anti Tobacco Day


























































JUNE
1 Sunday
2 Monday
3 Tuesday
4 Wednesday
5 Thursday World Environment Day
6 Friday
7 Saturday
8 Sunday
9 Monday
10 Tuesday
11 Wednesday
12 Thursday International Day against Child Labour
13 Friday
14 Saturday
15 Sunday
16 Monday
17 Tuesday
18 Wednesday
19 Thursday
20 Friday
21 Saturday
22 Sunday
23 Monday Teaching Practice
24 Tuesday Teaching Practice
25 Wednesday Teaching Practice
26 Thursday Teaching Practice (Anti Drugs Day)
27 Friday Teaching Practice
28 Saturday Teaching Practice (Working Day)
29 Sunday Teaching Practice
30 Monday Teaching Practice




























































JULY
1 Tuesday Teaching Practice
2 Wednesday Teaching Practice
3 Thursday Teaching Practice
4 Friday Teaching Practice
5 Saturday Working Day(Teaching Practice)
6 Sunday Teaching Practice
7 Monday Teaching Practice
8 Tuesday Teaching Practice
9 Wednesday Teaching Practice
10 Thursday Teaching Practice
11 Friday World Population Day
12 Saturday Teaching Practice
13 Sunday Teaching Practice
14 Monday Teaching Practice
15 Tuesday Teaching Practice
16 Wednesday Teaching Practice
17 Thursday Teaching Practice
18 Friday Teaching Practice
19 Saturday Working Day(Teaching Practice)
20 Sunday Teaching Practice
21 Monday
22 Tuesday
23 Wednesday
24 Thursday
25 Friday
26 Saturday Karkkida vavu
27 Sunday Teaching Practice
28 Monday Ramzan(Teaching Practice)
29 Tuesday Teaching Practice
30 Wednesday
31 Thursday

























































AUGUST
1 Friday Teaching Practice
2 Saturday Working Day(Teaching Practice)
3 Sunday Teaching Practice
4 Monday Teaching Practice
5 Tuesday Teaching Practice(Hiroshima day)
6 Wednesday Teaching Practice
7 Thursday Teaching Practice
8 Friday Teaching Practice
9 Saturday Teaching Practice
10 Sunday Teaching Practice
11 Monday Teaching Practice
12 Tuesday Teaching Practice
13 Wednesday
14 Thursday
15 Friday Independence Day
16 Saturday
17 Sunday
18 Monday
19 Tuesday
20 Wednesday
21 Thursday
22 Friday Submission of online assignment
23 Saturday
24 Sunday
25 Monday Test Paper
26 Tuesday
27 Wednesday
28 Thursday
29 Friday
30 Saturday
31 Sunday

























































SEPTEMBER
1 Monday Preparation & uploading of Power point slide
2 Tuesday
3 Wednesday Arts Festival
4 Thursday Arts Festival
5 Friday Onam Celebration & Teacher's day
6 Saturday Onam Holidays ( 08/09/2014- World Literacy Day)
7 Sunday
8 Monday
9 Tuesday
10 Wednesday
11 Thursday
12 Friday
13 Saturday
14 Sunday
15 Monday Sreekrishna Jayanthi (Holiday)
16 Tuesday World Ozone Day
17 Wednesday
18 Thursday Preparation & uploading of Teaching manual (Practical)
19 Friday
20 Saturday
21 Sunday
22 Monday Mid Semester exam + regular class
23 Tuesday Mid Semester exam + regular class
24 Wednesday Mid Semester exam + regular class
25 Thursday Mid Semester exam + regular class
26 Friday Mid Semester exam + regular class
27 Saturday World Tourism Day
28 Sunday
29 Monday
30 Tuesday





























































OCTOBER
1 Wednesday Poojavaipu (Holiday), Gandhi Jayanthi
2 Thursday Poojavaipu (Holiday)
3 Friday
4 Saturday
5 Sunday
6 Monday
7 Tuesday
8 Wednesday
9 Thursday World Post Office Day
10 Friday
11 Saturday
12 Sunday
13 Monday
14 Tuesday
15 Wednesday
16 Thursday World Food day
17 Friday
18 Saturday
19 Sunday
20 Monday College Day
21 Tuesday General Social
22 Wednesday Deepavali (Holiday)
23 Thursday
24 Friday United Nations Day
25 Saturday
26 Sunday
27 Monday Model Examination
28 Tuesday Model Examination
29 Wednesday Model Examination
30 Thursday Model Examination
31 Friday National Integration Day (Model Exam)




























































































































































Need of the Environmental Education for Students in Global Scenario  Dr.Renuka Sonny L.R.   Principal   Kerala Unive...